EPO Kit
Price range: $125.00 through $185.00
WHO International Standard for Erythropoietin (87/684); European Pharmacopoeia Monograph 0137; Clinical Kidney Journal 2021 guidelines on anemia management in CKD; WADA 2024 Prohibited List; EPO receptor signaling studies in Blood (2018); recombinant production methods from CHO cell expression systems (Sigma-Aldrich product data sheet).
Description
🧪 Product Profile: Erythropoietin (EPO)
Product Name: Erythropoietin (EPO); Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (rHuEPO)
CAS Number: 11096-26-7
Molecular Formula: C₆₉₀H₁₁₀₆N₁₈₈O₂₀₈S₅ (glycoprotein with 165 amino acids + 4 carbohydrate chains)
Molecular Weight: ~30.4 kDa (carbohydrate moiety accounts for ~40% of mass)
Primary Structure: 165-amino acid polypeptide chain with N-linked glycosylation at Asn24, Asn38, Asn83; O-linked glycosylation at Ser126
Purity: ≥99% (HPLC/SEC verified); endotoxin <0.01 EU/μg
Formulation: Lyophilized powder for injection (single-dose vials: 2000 IU, 4000 IU, 10000 IU; prefilled syringes)
🔬 Key Characteristics
Erythropoietin is a hypoxia-inducible glycoprotein hormone critical for erythropoiesis regulation. Endogenously produced primarily by renal peritubular interstitial cells (90%) and hepatocytes (10% in adults), its 3D structure features four α-helical domains stabilized by two disulfide bonds (Cys7-Cys161, Cys29-Cys33). The heavily glycosylated nature (three N-linked, one O-linked oligosaccharides) confers resistance to proteolysis and prolongs circulatory half-life (~4-13 hours in humans). Recombinant versions (rHuEPO) are produced via CHO cell expression systems, mimicking native glycosylation patterns to ensure biological activity.
⚙️ Mechanism of Action
- Hypoxia Sensing: Renal hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α/2α) upregulates EPO gene transcription when oxygen tension drops below 40 mmHg, triggering a 50-100 fold increase in circulating EPO within 24-48 hours.
- Erythroid Progenitor Stimulation: Binds to EPO receptors (EpoR) on CFU-E (colony-forming unit-erythroid) cells, activating JAK2/STAT5 signaling to promote cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation into reticulocytes.
- Hemoglobin Synthesis: Induces erythroid-specific genes (e.g., ALAS2, globins) and iron utilization pathways, accelerating heme production and hemoglobin assembly.
- Reticulocyte Release: Shortens bone marrow maturation time from 5 days to 2-3 days, increasing reticulocyte count in peripheral blood by 2-3 fold within 3-5 days of administration.
- Non-Hematopoietic Effects: Emerging evidence shows EPO receptor expression in brain, heart, and endothelium, mediating cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenic effects via PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways.
📊 Clinical & Research Applications
- Anemia Management: First-line therapy for chronic kidney disease (CKD) anemia (target Hb 100-120 g/L), chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA), and zidovudine-treated HIV/AIDS patients.
- Perioperative Medicine: Reduces allogeneic blood transfusion requirements in orthopedic and cardiac surgery when administered preoperatively (150-300 IU/kg weekly × 3 doses).
- Neurological Research: Investigational use in stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s) for neuroprotective effects.
- Sports Pharmacology: Banned by WADA as a performance-enhancing agent due to ability to increase VO₂max by 5-10% via elevated hematocrit (Hct).
- Hematology Research: Tool for studying erythroid differentiation, iron metabolism disorders, and hypoxia signaling pathways.
💡 Product Features
- Bioactivity: Standardized by in vivo assay (polycythemic mouse method) with specific activity ≥150 IU/μg protein.
- Pharmacokinetics: Subcutaneous administration results in 20-30% bioavailability with Tmax ~12-24 hours; intravenous route shows biphasic elimination (t₁/₂α ~20 min, t₁/₂β ~6-8 hours).
- Dosing Regimen: Individualized based on target Hb/Hct; typical CKD dosing: 50-100 IU/kg SC 3× weekly, adjusted by 25% increments/decrements to avoid Hb rise >1 g/dL every 2 weeks.
- Formulation Innovations: Long-acting analogs (darbepoetin alfa, methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta) with extended half-lives (40-139 hours) allow once-monthly dosing.
⚠️ Safety & Regulatory Considerations
- Adverse Effects: Risk of thromboembolism (stroke, MI, DVT) with Hb >130 g/L; hypertension in 20-30% of CKD patients; pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) due to anti-EPO antibodies (rare with modern formulations).
- Contraindications: Uncontrolled hypertension, hypersensitivity to mammalian cell-derived products, erythropoietic tumors (polycythemia vera), and severe arterial disease.
- Doping Control: Detected via urine isoelectric focusing (IEF) showing abnormal glycosylation patterns distinguishing rHuEPO from endogenous EPO; blood passport monitoring of Hct, reticulocyte count, and OFF-score.
- Storage Requirements: Lyophilized powder stable for 24 months at 2-8°C; avoid freezing; prefilled syringes (liquid formulation) stable for 18 months refrigerated.
Additional information
| FORMAT | 5Bottlex3000iu, 10Bottlex5000iu |
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